Tirzepatide is a first-in-class dual GIP and GLP-1 receptor agonist developed by Eli Lilly, FDA-approved for type 2 diabetes (Mounjaro) and chronic weight management (Zepbound) including severe obstructive sleep apnea in adults with obesity. It is a 39-amino-acid peptide with a C20 fatty di-acid moiety that promotes albumin binding, enabling once-weekly dosing. Clinical trials consistently demonstrate it delivers the most substantial weight reduction among incretin-based therapies, with up to 22.5% mean body weight loss at 72 weeks.
BPC-157 is a synthetic 15-amino-acid peptide (sequence: Gly-Glu-Pro-Pro-Pro-Gly-Lys-Pro-Ala-Asp-Asp-Ala-Gly-Leu-Val, MW ~1419.5 g/mol) derived from a protein found in human gastric juice. It has demonstrated robust regenerative and cytoprotective effects across hundreds of animal studies spanning tendon, ligament, muscle, bone, nerve, GI tract, and blood vessel healing. However, human clinical data is extremely limited — only three pilot studies have examined BPC-157 in humans as of 2025 (knee pain n=16, interstitial cystitis n=12, IV safety n=2). The FDA classifies it as Category 2, prohibiting compounding, and WADA bans its use in sports.
GHK-Cu is a naturally occurring copper-binding tripeptide (glycyl-L-histidyl-L-lysine) found in human plasma, saliva, and urine. First discovered by Dr. Loren Pickart in 1973, plasma levels average 200 ng/mL at age 20 but decline to ~80 ng/mL by age 60. It has been extensively studied for wound healing, collagen synthesis, skin regeneration, and gene modulation, with decades of cosmetic use and a broad safety profile. Molecular weight is approximately 340 g/mol (as the copper complex), with the formula C14H24N6O4Cu.
KLOW is a research peptide blend containing GHK-Cu, BPC-157, TB-500, and KPV. Its individual components have been studied in preclinical research involving tissue repair, cellular signaling, and inflammatory pathways, but the complete blend has not been clinically validated.
Retatrutide is a first-in-class investigational triple hormone receptor agonist (GIP, GLP-1, and glucagon) developed by Eli Lilly. In the Phase 2 trial (Jastreboff et al., NEJM 2023, n=338), the 12 mg dose achieved 24.2% mean body weight reduction at 48 weeks, with 100% of participants achieving at least 5% weight loss. Multiple Phase 3 TRIUMPH trials are ongoing, with TRIUMPH-4 (Dec 2025) reporting average loss up to 71.2 lbs with osteoarthritis pain relief. Expected FDA approval is 2027-2028.
5-Amino-1MQ is a small molecule (not technically a peptide) that selectively inhibits nicotinamide N-methyltransferase (NNMT), an enzyme overexpressed in adipose tissue of obese individuals. NNMT degrades the NAD+ precursor SAM, linking it to metabolic dysfunction. By blocking NNMT, 5-Amino-1MQ increases intracellular NAD+ and SAM levels, theoretically boosting fat cell energy expenditure and shrinking adipocytes. All data is preclinical.
A BPC-157 and TB-500 blend, often called the "Wolverine Stack" is an informal combination of two synthetic peptides studied for tissue repair, cellular movement, and recovery
Cagrilintide is a long-acting synthetic analog of human amylin, a peptide hormone co-secreted with insulin by pancreatic beta cells. It is being developed by Novo Nordisk both as a standalone agent and in fixed-dose combination with semaglutide (CagriSema). The CagriSema combination targets complementary appetite pathways — amylin acts on hindbrain satiety circuits while GLP-1 acts on hypothalamic and gut pathways. In the REDEFINE Phase 3 program, CagriSema achieved 20.4% weight loss at 68 weeks. Novo Nordisk filed for FDA approval in 2026.
IGF-1 LR3 is a modified version of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) with an extended N-terminal sequence (13 additional amino acids) and an arginine-to-glutamic acid substitution at position 3. These modifications dramatically reduce binding to IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs), resulting in a half-life of 20-30 hours (vs 12-15 hours for native IGF-1) and approximately 3x greater potency. It is one of the most potent anabolic peptides available and is WADA-banned.
Pep Grading
